Broadleaf Evergreens

Viburnum tinus (laurestine)

Viburnum tinus wikipedia.org

Pronunciation: vi-BUR-num TIE-nus

Family: Adoxaceae

Plant type: Boadleaf evergreen, shrub

Zone: 7-9

Origin: Mediterranean, Europe 

……..

Mature size

  Height: 2-7 cm

  Spread: 3 m

Form: rounded

Texture: medium-coarse

Habit: densely upright

……..

Leaves

Viburnum tinus wikipedia.org

Arrangement: Opposite pairs

Shape: ovate, elliptic 

Size: 4 - 10 cm long x 2-4 cm wide 

Margin: entire

Characteristics:  narrowly ovate to oblong, lustrous dark green above, paler beneath 

Colour: green

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: umbel

Colour: white, pinke

Size: 0.8 cm - 1.2 cm

Time: October - June

………

Stem

Colour: brown, green

Description: smooth woody established stem, young herbaceous new growth 

………

Fruit type: 

Colour: metallic blue, matures to black

Time: March, April, May

Viburnum tinus wikipedia.org

………

Exposure - sun to part shade

Preferred soil - alkaline well drained

Landscape uses - mixed shrub boarder, winter interest, fall interest, decorative wall

Propagation - softwood cuttings, seed

Comments -  fruit can be used as purgatives against constipation
- tincture has been used in herbal medicine as a remedy for depression

Pests  - south east Britain, principal host of the viburnum beetle, which is the countries number one pest species

Berberis verruculosa (Warty Barberry)

Pronunciation: BUR-bur-iss ver-ruk-yoo-LH-sa

Family: berberidaceae 

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen

Zone: 5

Origin:  Western China

……..

Mature size

  Height: .7 - 1.5 m

  Spread: 1-1.5 m

Form: rounded 

Texture: medium

Habit: spreading, more so arching  dense

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: alternate simple

Shape: Elliptic, obovate

Size: 1.4-2.5 long x 1-1.2 wide

Margin: spinose

Characteristics: shiney lustrous, leathery, prickly to the touch

Colour: green 

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: solitary flower
Colour: yellow (typical of berberaceae family)

Size: 1.3-1,6 cm

Time: April May

………

Stem

Colour: brown

Description: smooth multi-stemmed trunk

………

Fruit type: berry

Colour: Violet, black

Time: July, August

………

Exposure - sun, part shade

Preferred soil - rocky, dry, poor soil tolerance, (urban conditions)

Landscape uses- filler, hedge row, mixed shrub border, security barrier, woodland margin

Propagation - softwood cuttings or seed

Comments - low maintenance, often used as a security barrier

Pests - galls, root rot, generally pest resistant and disease resistant

Leucothoe fontanesiana 'Rainbow' (Rainbow Leucothoe)

Pronunciation: loo-KOTH-oh-ee fon-taynz-ee-AY-nuh

Family: Ericaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen

Zone: 5

Origin: Europe, garden origin 

……..

Mature size

  Height: 0.7- 1.3 m

  Spread: 0.5- 2m

Form: oval

Texture: medium

Habit: arching 

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: simple alternate

Shape: lanceolet

Size: 2.6-3.4 cm wide x 7.9-8.3 cm tall

Margin: serrated

Characteristics: leathery

Colour: yellow, green red 

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: raceme 

Colour: showy, white

Size: 5-7mm

Time: April to May

………

Stem

Colour: brown

Description: lightly fissured, multistemmed

………

Fruit type: capsule

Colour: brown

Time: July - September 

………

Exposure - part shad to deep shade

Preferred soil - Acidic soil

Landscape uses - woodland, near building, shady area, floral arrangements

Propagation, seed or cuttings

Comments - easy to grow, can be pruned any time

Pests - pest resistant

Photinia x fraseri (photinia)

Pronunciation: foe-TIN-ee-uh ex FRAY-zur-eye

 

Family: Rosaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen, flowering cut plant

Zone: 7

Origin: garden origin 

……..

Mature size

  Height: 3- 5 m

  Spread: 4- 5 m

Form: oval vertical

Texture: medium - coarse

Habit: stiffly upright

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: simple alternate

Shape: elliptic, oblong, obovate

Size: 8.2 - 9.2 cm

Margin: serrulate

Characteristics: leathery, parallel venation, lustrous, acuminate, cuneate, oblique (uneven)

Colour: green, red, leaves bronze to bright red when young (dark green in fall)

………

Flowers - perfect

Inflorescence type: floriferous, panicle

Colour: white, showy

Size:0.2- 1.2 cm

Time: May, June

………

Stem

Colour: green, red

Description: multi-stemmed trunk

………

Fruit type: pome, aborted (hybrids), or absent

Colour: white

Time: fruiting is rare and insignificant 

………

Exposure - full sun, part sun/shade

Preferred soil - acidic

Landscape uses - accent plant, hedge row, mixed shrub border, screening

Propagation - greenwood cuttings

Comments - toxic leaves

 - moderate water use 

 - new growth is red, maturing to dark glossy green

 - will almost always get leafspots

Pests - fungal leaf spot, galls, leaf scorch, root rot, entomosporium mespili 

Viburnum davidii (David viburnum)

Pronunciation: vye-BUR-num duh-VID-ee-eye

Family: Adoxaceae

Plant type: broadleaf evergreen

Zone: 6

Origin: SE Asia, Japan, China (Western)

……..

Mature size

  Height: 1.3-2 m

  Spread: 1.5 - 2 m

Form: mounded

Texture: medium coarse

Habit: spreading

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: simple opposite

Shape: obovate, ovate

Size: 16-22 cm long x 4.8-5.4 cm

Margin: dentate, entire

Characteristics: heavily veined, leathery, palmate venation, glabrous, acuminate, cuneate, the two main veins run almost parallel to midrib, 1/3 of leaf near apex with toothed margin

Colour: green

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: corymb-like, cyme

Colour: showy, white

Size: 4-7 mm

Time: April May

………

Stem

Colour: red, brown

Description: multi-stem trunk

………

Fruit type: drupe

Colour: blue (attractive metallic blue)

Time: July, August 

………

Exposure - full sun, part sun/shade

Preferred soil - well-drained

Landscape uses - attract birds, dryland - no watering, hedge row, mixed shrub border, small garden space, spring interest, winter interest, woodland margin

Propagation - sofwood cuttings, seed, cuttings

Comments - Many Medicinal Uses and Recipes

Pests - pest resistant, disease resistant, anthracnose, galls, mold, rust, wilt, fungal leaf spot, viburnum leaf beetle

Aucuba japonica (Spotted Laurel)

Pronunciation: aw-KEW-buh juh-PON-ih-kuh

Family: Cornaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen

Zone: 7 

Origin: Japan

……..

Mature size

  Height: 2-3 m

  Spread: 2-3 m

Form: rounded

Texture: medium coarse

Habit: dense, stiffly upright

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: simple opposite

Shape: elliptic, ovate

Size: 16-18 cm

Margin: dentate

Characteristics: leathery, pinnate venation, glabrous, lustrous, acuminate, obtuse

Colour: green, yellow paint splatter look

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: panicle

Colour: not showy, dark red

Size: 4-5 mm

Time: May, June

………

Stem

Colour: green

Description: multi-stem trunk

………

Fruit type: drupe

Colour: red

Time: January, February, March, April, May

………

Exposure - filtered shade, part sun/shade

Preferred soil -  acidic, humus rich, well drained

Landscape uses - accent plant, mixed shrub border, screening, specimen plant, winter interest

Propagation - seed, greenwood cuttings, softwood cuttings, division - below ground parts

Comments - The best space for this Aucuba

- Diseases of Aucuba

- Growing Basics

Pests -  sooty mold may follow aphid infestation, root rot and mold

Helleborus x hybridus (Lenten Rose)

Pronunciation: hel-eh-BORE-us ex HIB-rih-dus

Family: Ranunculaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen

Zone: 4

Origin: Europe, garden origin 

……..

Mature size

  Height: 40-70 cm

  Spread: 30-60 cm

Form: mounded

Texture: course

Habit: spreading

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: Basal

Shape: Obovate

Size:

Margin: serrate

Characteristics: attenuate, compounded, lobed, heavily veined, leathery, palmate venation, glabrous, rugose, acuminate, leaflet occasionally lobed but not always fully divided

Colour: green

………

Flowers: perfect

Inflorescence type: floriferous, cyme

Colour: white, green, yellow, pink, purple, red, and a variety of colors for different varieties 

Size: 13-17 cm

Time: January, February, March, April

………

Stem

Colour: green, light green, whitish

Description: herbaceous 

………

Fruit type: follicle

Colour: white

Time: June, July

………

Exposure - deep shade, filtered shade, part sun/shade

Preferred soil - humus rich, well drained

Landscape uses - dryland (no watering), perennial border, rock garden, spring interest, winter interest, woodland margin

Propagation - seed, cuttings

Comments - How to grow Helleborus

 - History, Folklore, Magical and Healing Attributes, and Household use

Pests - adelgids, aphids

Bergenia cordifolia (Heartleaf Bergenia)

Pronunciation: burr-GHEE-nee-uh kore-dih-FOE-lee-uh

Family: Saxifragaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen

Zone: 3

Origin: South east Asia

……..

Mature size

  Height: 0.2-0.4 m

  Spread: .3-.6 m

Form: mounded

Texture: very course

Habit: dense spreading upright

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: Alternate basal

Shape: obicular 

Size: >30cm long

Margin: crenate, ungulate

Characteristics: simple, pinnate, glabrous, lustrous, 

Colour: reddish green, summer, red in the fall

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: Floriferous, pinnacle like, cyme

Colour: pink, showy, white, red

Size: 

Time: March, April, May

………

Stem

Colour: Green, brownish red

Description: herbaceous, light near stalk

………

Fruit type: Capsule

Colour: red, showy

Time: July, August

………

Exposure - deep shade, filtered shade, deep sun only if kept in shade, part sun/shade

Preferred soil hummus rich, well drained

Landscape uses - accent plant, perennial border, waterside planting, ground cover, spring interest, summer interest, fall interest

Propagation - division, above ground parts

Comments - 

Pests - caterpillar, cutworm, sawfly, horntail, nematodes, root rot, slugs, snails, black vine weevil 

Arbutus menziesii (madrona, arbutus)

Pronunciation: are-BEW-tus men-zeez-ee-ey

Family: Ericaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen

Zone: 7 (-18 to -12C)

Origin: BC west of Cascades, US - north/southwest 

……..

Mature size

  Height: 22 - 30 m

  Spread: 10 - 15 m

Form: oval vertical 

Texture: medium course 

Habit: spreading, upright

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: simple alternate

Shape: oblong

Size: 5-10 cm

Margin: entire, serrate 

Characteristics: acute, obtuse, glabrous, lustrous

Colour: dark green

………

Flowers: floriferous

Inflorescence type: panicle

Colour: white

Size: 1-2 cm per flower

Time: May, June 

………

Stem

Colour: olive, orange, red, tan, brown

Description: showy, exfoliating

………

Fruit type: berry (true)

Colour: orange, red

Time: September, October 

………

Exposure - full sun

Preferred soil - acidic, rocky, gravelly, dry

Landscape uses - attract birds, native planting, shade tree, specimen plant, tall background, wildlife food, winter interest, woodland margin

Propagation - seed, greenwood cutting 

Comments - bark photosynthesizes as well as the leaves
 - often found on rocky outcrops
 - Canada's only native broadleaf evergreen tree

Pests -  fungal leaf spot, root rot, (e.i. phytophthora cactorum and nattrassia magiferae, fusicoccum aesculi)

Pieris japonica (lily of the valley shrub)

Pronunciation: pee-AIR-iss jah-PON-ih-kus

Family: Ericaceae

Plant type: broadleaf evergreen

Zone: 5 (-29 to -23 C)

Origin: unknown 

……..

Mature size

  Height: 1.3 - 2 m

  Spread: 1.5 - 2 m

Form: oval, vertical 

Texture: medium - fine

Habit: dense

……..

Leaves: simple

Arrangement: alternate spiral

Shape: oblanceolate, obovate

Size: 2.5-8cm

Margin: crenate, serrate

Characteristics: glabrous, lustrous, acute, cuneate

Colour: green

………

Flowers: floriferous

Inflorescence type: raceme

Colour: showy, white, pink

Size: 6-12 cm

Time: March, April

………

Stem

Colour: grey, red, brown

Description: lightly fissure, multi stem trunk

………

Fruit type: capsule

Colour: red, brown

Time: September, October

………

Exposure - filtered shade, full sun, part sun/shade

Preferred soil - acidic, well drained

Landscape uses -  mixed shrub border, screening, small garden space, specimen plant, spring interest

Propagation -  seed, greenwood cuttings, softwood cuttings, tissue culture

Comments - leaves and nectar of flower are poisonous

 - can cause a tingling sensation, salivating, nose and eye watering, nausea and vomit

 - HIGHLY TOXIC CAN BE FATAL IF EATEN  

Pests - fungal leaf spot, mites, nematodes, scale insects, lace bug, lygus bug

Buxus sempervirens (common boxwood)

aburstofbeautiful.com

Pronunciation: BUCKS-us sem-PUR-vur-enz

Family: Buxaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen, flowering cut plant

Zone: 6 (-23 to -18C)

Origin: Europe

……..

Mature size

  Height: 2-3 m

  Spread: 2-3 m

Form: round

Texture: medium fine

Habit: dense, upright

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: Simple, Opposite 

Shape: Elliptic, Ovate

Size: 1.5-3 cm x 0.5 - 1.3 cm

Margin: entire

sweetsomethingdesign.blogspot.com

Characteristics: emarginate, obtuse, rounded, glabrous, lustrous, leathery, pinnate venation 

Colour: dark green

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: raceme

Colour: not showy, green-yellow

Size: 0.5 - 1 cm

Time: April - May 

………

Stem

Colour: olive brown

Description: lightly fissured, multi-stem trunk *fibrous like roots*

………

Fruit type: capsule

Colour: brown, seeds black

Time: July, August, September, October

………

Exposure - deep shade, filtered shade, full sun only if soil is kept moist, part sun/shade

Preferred soil - alkaline, well-drained

Landscape uses - floristry, mass planting, hedge row, rock garden, sheared hedge, topiary 

Propagation - softwood cuttings 

Comments - Boxwood is an amazing base for topiary art work

- How to make boxwood boutonniers

- Boxwood wreath tutorial

Pests - die back, leaf miner insect, mites, nematodes, root rot, scale insects, psyllids

Euonymus fortunei 'emerald n' gold' (winter creeper)

Pronunciation: you-ON-ih-mus fore-TYOO-nee-eye

Family: Celastraceae
Plant type: broad-leaf evergreen, ground cover, vine or climber
Zone: 9 (-29 to -23C)
Origin: garden
……..
Mature size
  Height: 0.4 - 0.7 m
  Spread: 1.5 - 2m
Form: climbing, creeping, mat like, irregular mounded
Texture: medium - fine
Habit: arching, dense, horizontal, spreading
……..
Leaves
Arrangement: Simple, opposite
Shape: elliptic, ovate
Size: 2-6 x 1-3 cm
Margin: serrate
Characteristics: cordate, truncate, leaves are variegated,
Colour: green, yellow, bright green with bright yellow margins that tint pink in winter, in fall: green yellow, pink, red
………
Flowers
Inflorescence type:
Colour:
Size:
Time: June, July
………
Stem: bark
Colour: grey
Description: corky *adventitious roots, aerial roots
………
Fruit type: Capsule
Colour: orange, brown
Time: October
………
Exposure - full sun
Preferred soil - well-drained
Landscape uses - container planting, erosion control, filler, group or mass planting, winter interest
Propagation - green wood cuttings, softwood cuttings, hardwood cuttings, layering
Comments - one of the hardiest evergreen climbers, some species are known as weeds as they can invade entire neighborhoods
Pests - pest resistant, disease resistant

Gaultheria shallon (salal)

Pronunciation: Gaulthe-ria shal-on 

Family: Ericaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen, floral cut plan

Zone: 6 (-24 to -18 C)

Origin: BC west coast of Cascades, U.S northwest

……..

(UBC U-Flora)

Mature size

  Height: 2-3 m

  Spread: 5-7 m

Form texture: medium coarse

Habit: irregular, dense, spreading

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: simple, alternate

Shape: Ovate, dentate

Size: 4-10 cm long

Margin: lustrous 

Characteristics: Broadly ovate leaves, thick with very small serrations; stems pubescent

Colour: dark green
Time: April - May
........... 

Flowers

Inflorescence type: Bracted raceme 

Colour: White pink

Size: 4-10 cm long

………

Stem

Colour: young with berries is pink/purple, young is light green, mature is brown shrubby

Description: arching stems 

………

(UBC U-Flora)

Fruit type: Capsule, edible 

Colour: purple, black, dark dark red

Time: july august september

………

Exposure

  - Full sun, filtered shade

Preferred soil

  - Acidic, well drained 

Landscape uses

 - floriculture, cut flowers

 - erosion control

 - mixed shrub boarder

 - woodland margin 

Propagation
 - Seeds should be sown in the fall directly in the garden where they are to grow
 - Soft wood cuttings can be struck in mid summer
 - Sucker wood can be removed and transplanted in the fall or spring months 

Comments
 - Salal Berry Jam Recipe (with rosemary !)

Pests 
 - Parasitic nematodes
 - Root weevils

Mahonia nervosa (Dull Oregan Grape)

Pronunciation: muh-HOE-nee-uh nur-VOE-suh

Family: Berberidaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen

Zone : 6 (-24 to-18 C)

Origin : BC west of Cascades, Mexico, U.S. northwest (BC) 

……..

Mature size

  Height: 0.4 - 0.7 m

  Spread: 0.6 - 1.0 m

Form: mounded

Texture: Leathery, prickly 

Habit: spreading

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: compound, odd-pinnate, alternate

Shape: ovate, serrate 

Size: 9-19 leaflets, 4-7cm each, raceme up to 20 cm long

Margin: serrate, spiny teeth

Characteristics: palmate

Colour: green, turns red in the fall and over winter

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: Raceme

Colour: yellow

Size: raceme up to 20 cm long, segments of sixes, flowers 1-2 cm's

Time: may-june 

………

Stem

Colour: purple/red, green, inside is yellowish

Description: bark and wood

………

Fruit type: Clustered berries (true berry)

Colour: blue, 8-11 mm diameter, glaucous with few seeds, edible 

Time: August - September 

………

Exposure

 - full sun

 - part sun/part shade 

Preferred soil

 - acidic

 - well-drained 

Landscape uses

 - group or mass planting, herb, reclamation, wood land margin

Propagation

 - seed or cutting

Comments

 - Oregon Grape and Lavender Jelly Recipe

 - antibiotic, antiseptic, antiamoebocidic, anti-inflammatory

 - Oregan Grape Tart Recipe

Pests

 - rust

Mahonia aquifolium (Tall Oregan Grape)

Pronunciation: muh-HOE-nee-uh ack-wih-FOE-lee-um

Family: Berberideceae

Plant type: broadleaf evergreen 

Zone : 5 (-29 to -23C)

Origin : BC west of Cascades, U.S. northwest 

……..

Mature size

  Height: 1.3 - 2 m

  Spread: 1-1.5 m 

Form: oval vertical

Texture: medium

KPU Plant Database 

Habit: stiffly upright

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: alternate sessile 

Shape: ovate

Size: 5-11 leaflets, more than twice as long as broad, 

Margin: dentate, undulent, 12-29 prominently spiny teeth

Characteristics: shiny above, less so underneath 

Colour: dark green

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: clustered recemes 3-8cm long

Colour: showy yellow

Size: segments of 6's, 0.3cm's to 1 cm

Time: April - May

………

UBC E-Flora

Stem

Colour: grey, brown

Description: smooth

………

Fruit type: True (berry)

Colour: Violet, blue, black 

Time: April - May 

………

Exposure
 - full sun only if soil is kept moist, part sun/part shade

Preferred soil
 - acidic 

Landscape uses
 - mixed shrub boarder
 - security barrier, wildlife food, woodland margin

Propagation
 - Seed, greenwood cuttings, division - below ground parts

Comments
 - Tall Oregon Grape Wine

Pests 
  - rust (puccina rust), scale insects, leaf minor insects

Vaccinium obatum "Thunderbird" (Evergreen Huckleberry)

Pronunciation: vack-SIN-ee-um oh-VAY-tum

Family: Ericaceae

Plant type: Broadleaf evergreen

Zone : 7 (-18 to -12 C)

Origin : BC westcoast Cascades, Garden origin 

(KPU Plant Database) 

……..

Mature size

  Height: 1.3m - 2m 

  Spread: 1 - 1.5 m

Form: round

Texture: medium - fine

Habit: arching, dense, upright

……..

Leaves

Arrangement: Simple, alternate 

Shape: ovate

Size: 2-5 cm long

Margin: serrate 

Characteristics: leathery, lustrous 

Colour: dark green, new growth = red

………

Flowers

Inflorescence type: floriferous, flowers clustered 

Colour: snowy white

Size: 7.5 mm long

(UBC E-Flora)

Time: April - May

………

Stem

Colour: red, tan, brown

Description: exfoliating 

………

Fruit type: true berry, globe-shaped, showy edible

Colour: purple, black

Time: September - October 

………

Exposure

 - deep shade

 - filtered shade

 - full sun, part sun/part shade

Preferred soil

 - acidic

 - humus rich 

 - well drained 

Landscape uses

 - attract birds

 - floristry 

 - ground cover

 - group or mass planting

 - spring interest 

 - urban agriculture 

 - wildlife food 

(Plant Database)

 - woodland margin 

Propagation

 - cuttings 

Comments

 - Wild Huckleberry Pie

 - when scavenging look in dry to moist open forests in the lowland and montane zones, frequent in SW BC

 - commonly found in coniferous forests 

Pests

 - dieback

 - galls

 - root rot 

 - rust

 - scale insects